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Herbs & Supplements

Melatonin
Other Names: MEL, MLT, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine

References

Anisimov VN. Effects of exogenous melatonin--a review. Toxicology and Pathology. 2003;31(6):589-603.

Anon: Melatonin. In: DerMarderosian A, Beutler JA, eds. Facts and Comparisons: The Review of Natural Products. St. Louis, MO, Facts and Comparisons. January 2002.

Attenburrow ME, Cowen PJ, Sharpley AL. Low dose melatonin improves sleep in healthy middle-aged subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 1996;126(2):179-181.

Avery D, Lenz M, Landis C. Guidelines for prescribing melatonin. Annals of Medicine. 1998;30(1):122-130.

Bain KT. Management of chronic insomnia in elderly persons. American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy. 2006;4(2):168-192.

Baltaci AK, Mogulkoc R, Kul A, Bediz CS, Ugur A. Opposite effects of zinc and melatonin on thyroid hormones in rats. Toxicology. 2004;195(1):69-75.

Bandyopadhyay D, Ghosh G, Bandyopadhyay A, Reiter RJ. Melatonin protects against piroxicam-induced gastric ulceration. Journal of Pineal Research. 2004;36(3):195-203.

Bangha E, Elsner P, Kistler GS. Suppression of UV-induced erythema by topical treatment with melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine). A dose response study. Archives of Dermatology Research. 1996;288(9):522-526.

Bazil CW, Short D, Crispin D, Zheng W. Patients with intractable epilepsy have low melatonin, which increases following seizures. Neurology. 2000;55(11):1746-1748.

Beaumont M, Batejat D, Pierard C, et al. Caffeine or melatonin effects on sleep and sleepiness after rapid eastward transmeridian travel. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2004;96(1):50-58.

Bellipanni G, Bianchi P, Pierpaoli W, Bulian D, Ilyia E. Effects of melatonin in perimenopausal and menopausal women: a randomized and placebo controlled study. Experimental Gerontology. 2001;36(2):297-310.

Blask DE, Dauchy RT, Sauer LA. Putting cancer to sleep at night: the neuroendocrine/circadian melatonin signal. Endocrine. 2005;27(2):179-188.

Bonilla E, Valero N, Chacin-Bonilla L, Medina-Leendertz S. Melatonin and viral infections. Journal of Pineal Research. 2004;36(2):73-79.

Bregani ER, Lissoni P, Rossini F, et al. Prevention of interleukin-2-induced thrombocytopenia during the immunotherapy of cancer by a concomitant administration of the pineal hormone melatonin. Recent Progress in Medicine. 1995;86(6):231-233.

Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.

Brusco LI, Fainstein I, Marquez M, Cardinali DP. Effect of melatonin in selected populations of sleep-disturbed patients. Biological Signals and Receptors. 1999;8(1-2):126-131.

Bubenik GA. Gastrointestinal melatonin: localization, function, and clinical relevance. Digestive Diseases Science. 2002;47(10):2336-2348.

Bubenik GA. Localization, physiological significance and possible clinical implication of gastrointestinal melatonin. Biologic Signals and Receptors. 2001;10(6):350-366.

Bubenik GA, Blask DE, Brown GM, Maestroni GJ, Pang SF, Reiter RJ, et al. Prospects of the clinical utilization of melatonin. Biological Signals and Receptors. 1998;7(4):195-219.

Bubenik GA, Dhanvantari S. Influence of serotonin and melatonin on some parameters of gastrointestinal activity. Journal of Pineal Research. 1989;7(4):333-344.

Cagnacci A, Krauchi K, Wirz-Justice A, Volpe A. Homeostatic versus circadian effects of melatonin on core body temperature in humans. Journal of Biological Rhythms. 1997;12(6):509-517.

Cardinali DP, Garcia AP, Cano P, Esquifino AI. Melatonin role in experimental arthritis. Current Drug Targets for Immune, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 2004;4(1):1-10.

Carman JS, Post RM, Buswell R, Goodwin FKl. Negative effects of melatonin on depression. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1976;(10):1181-1186.

Cavallo A, Ritschel WA. Pharmacokinetics of melatonin in human sexual maturation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996;81(5):1882-1886.

Cavallo A, Daniels SR, Dolan LM, Bean JA, Khoury JC. Blood pressure-lowering effect of melatonin in type 1 diabetes. Journal of Pineal Research. 2004;36(4):262-266.

Cavallo A, Daniels SR, Dolan LM, Khoury JC, Bean JA. Blood pressure response to melatonin in type 1 diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes. 2004;5(1):26-31.

Clark AF. Incidences of new prescribing by British child and adolescent psychiatrists: a prospective study over 12 months. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2004;18(1):115-120.

Claustrat B, Brun J, David M, Sassolas G, Chazot G. Melatonin and jet lag: confirmatory result using a simplified protocol. Biological Psychiatry. 1992;32(8):705-711.

Commentz JC, Uhlig H, Henke A, Hellwege HH, Willig RP. Melatonin and 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate excretion is inversely correlated with gonadal development in children. Hormone Research. 1997;47(3):97-101.

Conti A, Maestroni GJ. Melatonin rhythms in mice: role in autoimmune and lymphoproliferative diseases. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1998;840:395-410.

Cupp MJ. Melatonin. American Family Physician. 1997;56(5):1421-1425 and 1428.

De Butte M, Pappas BA. Pinealectomy causes hippocampal CA1 and CA3 cell loss: reversal by melatonin supplementation. Neurobiology and Aging. 2007;28(2):306-313.

Djeridane Y, Touitou Y. Chronic diazepam administration differentially affects melatonin synthesis in rat pineal and Harderian glands. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 2001;154(4):403-407.

Dolberg OT, Hirschmann S, Grunhaus L. Melatonin for the treatment of sleep disturbances in major depressive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998;155(8):1119-1121.

Dollins AB, Lynch HJ, Wurtman RJ, et al. Effect of pharmacological daytime doses of melatonin on human mood and performance. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 1993;112(4):490-496.

Dollins AB, Zhdanova IV, Wurtman RJ, Lynch HJ, Deng MH. Effect of inducing nocturnal serum melatonin concentrations in daytime on sleep, mood, body temperature, and performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 1994;91(5):1824-1828.

Dopfel RP, Schulmeister K, Schernhammer ES. Nutritional and lifestyle correlates of the cancer-protective hormone melatonin. Cancer Detection and Prevention. Epublished ahead of print. April 5, 2007.

Drake MJ, Mills IW, Noble JG. Melatonin pharmacotherapy for nocturia in men with benign prostatic enlargement. Journal of Urology. 2004;171(3):1199-1202.

Dreher F, Gabard B, Schwindt DA, Maibach HI. Topical melatonin in combination with vitamins E and C protects skin from ultraviolet-induced erythema: a human study in vivo. British Journal of Dermatology. 1998;139(2):332-339.

Ebadi M, Govitrapong P, Phansuwan-Pujito P, Nelson F, Reiter RJ. Pineal opioid receptors and analgesic action of melatonin. Journal of Pineal Research. 1998;24(4):193-200.

Elamin EM, Glass M, Camporesi E. Pharmacological approaches to ameliorating catabolic conditions. Current Opinion on Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 2006;9(4):449-454.

Ellis CM, Lemmens G, Parkes JD. Melatonin and insomnia. Journal of Sleep Research. 1996;5(1):61-65.

Erren TC, Piekarski C. Does winter darkness in the arctic protect against cancer? The melatonin hypothesis revisited. Medical Hypotheses .1999;53(1):1-5.

Esparza JL, Gomez M, Rosa Nogues M, Paternain JL, Mallol J, Domingo JL. Melatonin reduces oxidative stress and increases gene expression in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of aluminum-exposed rats. Journal of Pineal Research. 2005;39(2):129-136.

Fei GH, Liu RY, Zhang ZH, Zhou JN. Alterations in circadian rhythms of melatonin and cortisol in patients with bronchial asthma. Acta Pharmacologia Sin. 2004;25(5):651-656.

Feng Z, Qin C, Chang Y, Zhang JT. Early melatonin supplementation alleviates oxidative stress in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2006;40(1):101-109.

Fischer S, Smolnik R, Herms M, Born J, Fehm HL. Melatonin acutely improves the neuroendocrine architecture of sleep in blind individuals. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003;88(11):5315-5320.

Fischer T, Bangha E, Elsner P, Kistler GS. Suppression of UV-induced erythema by topical treatment with melatonin. Influence of the application time point. Biological Signals and Receptors. 1999;8(1-2):132-135.

Fischer TW, Burmeister G, Schmidt HW, Elsner P. Melatonin increases anagen hair rate in women with androgenetic alopecia or diffuse alopecia: results of a pilot randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Dermatology. 2004;150(2):341-345.

Forsling ML, Wheeler MJ, Williams AJ. The effect of melatonin administration on pituitary hormone secretion in man. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford). 1999;51(5):637-642.

Fraschini F, Cesarani A, Alpini D, Eposti D, Stankov BM. Melatonin influences human balance. Biological Signals and Receptors. 1999;8(1-2):111-119.

Garfinkel D, Laudon M, Nof D, Zisapel N. Improvement of sleep quality in elderly people by controlled-release melatonin. Lancet. 1995;346(8974):541-544.

Garfinkel D, Zisapel N, Wainstein J, Laudon M. Facilitation of benzodiazepine discontinuation by melatonin, a new clinical approach. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1999;159(20):2456-2460.

Girgert R, Bartsch C, Hill SM, Kreienberg R, Hanf V. Tracking the elusive antiestrogenic effect of melatonin: a new methodological approach. Neuroendocrinology Letter. 2003;24(6):440-444.

Gitto E, Reiter RJ, Amodio A, et al. Early indicators of chronic lung disease in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome and their inhibition by melatonin. Journal of Pineal Research. 2004;36(4):250-255.

Gupta YK, Gupta M, Chaudhary G, Kohli K. Modulation of antiepileptic effect of phenytoin and carbamazepine by melatonin in mice. Methods and Findings in Experimental Clinical Pharmacology. 2004;26(2):99-102.

Haimov I, Lavie P, Laudon M, Herer P, Vigder C, Ziaspel N. Melatonin replacement therapy of elderly insomniacs. Sleep. 1995;18(7):598-603.

Hartter S, Grozinger M, Weigmann H, Roschke J, Hiemke C. Increased bioavailability of oral melatonin after fluvoxamine coadministration. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2000;67(1):1-6.

Hartter S, Nordmark A, Rose DM, Bertilsson L, Tybring G, Laine K. Effects of caffeine intake on the pharmacokinetics of melatonin, a probe drug for CYP1A2 activity. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003;56(6):679-682.

Hartter S, Wang X, Weigmann H, Friedberg T, Arand M, Oesch F, Hiemke C. Differential effects of fluvoxamine and other antidepressants on the biotransformation of melatonin. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001;21(2):167-174.

Herxheimer A, Petrie KJ. Melatonin for preventing and treating jet lag. Cochrane Database System Review. 2001;1:CD001520.

Humbert W, Pevet P. The decrease of pineal melatonin production with age. Causes and consequences. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1994;719:43-63.

Jahovic N, Sener G, Cevik H, Ersoy Y, Arbak S, Yegen BC. Amelioration of methotrexate-induced enteritis by melatonin in rats. Cellular Biochemistry and Function. 2004;22(3):169-178.

James M, Tremea MO, Jones JS, Krohmer JR. Can melatonin improve adaptation to night shift? American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1998;16(4):367-370.

James SP, Sack DA, Rosenthal NE, Mendelson WB. Melatonin administration in insomnia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1990;3(1):19-23.

Jan JE, O'Donnell ME. Use of melatonin in the treatment of paediatric sleep disorders. Journal of Pineal Research. 1996;21(4):193-199.

Jan JE, Wasdell MB, Freeman RD, Bax M. Evidence supporting the use of melatonin in short gestation infants. Journal of Pineal Research. 2007;42(1):22-27.

Jaworek J. Ghrelin and melatonin in the regulation of pancreatic exocrine secretion and maintaining of integrity. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2006;57(Suppl 5):83-96.

Jaworek J, Brzozowski T, Konturek SJ. Melatonin as an organoprotector in the stomach and the pancreas. Journal of Pineal Research. 2005;38(2):73-83.

Jellin JM, Gregory P, Batz F, Hitchens K, et al, eds. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 3rd Edition. Stockton CA: Therapeutic Research Facility, 2000.

Jones MP, Melan MA, Witt-Enderby PA. Melatonin decreases cell proliferation and transformation in a melatonin receptor-dependent manner. Cancer Letter. 2000;151:1331-1343.

Jorgensen KM, Witting MD. Does exogenous melatonin improve day sleep or night alertness in emergency physicians working night shifts? Annals of Emergency Medicines. 1998;31(6):699-704.

Kanikkannan N, Andega S, Burton S, Babu RJ, Singh M. Formulation and in vitro evaluation of transdermal patches of melatonin. Drug Development in Indian Pharmacology. 2004;30(2):205-212.

Karasek M, Winczyk K. Melatonin in humans. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2006;57(Suppl 5):19-39.

Konakchieva R, Mitev Y, Almeida OF, Patchev VK. Chronic melatonin counteracts glucocorticoid-induced dysregulation of the hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat. Neuroendocrinology. 1998;67(3):171-180.

Konturek SJ, Konturek PC, Brzozowski T. Melatonin in gastroprotection against stress-induced acute gastric lesions and in healing of chronic gastric ulcers. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2006;57(Suppl 5):51-66.

Kumar AM, Tims F, Cruess DG, et al. Music therapy increases serum melatonin levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Alternative Therapeutics in Health and Medicine. 1999;5(6):49-57.

Kunz D, Mahlberg R, Muller C, Tilmann A, Bes F. Melatonin in patients with reduced REM sleep duration: two randomized controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004;89(1):128-134.

Lahiri DK, Chen D, Ge YW, Bondy SC, Sharman EH. Dietary supplementation with melatonin reduces levels of amyloid beta-peptides in the murine cerebral cortex. Journal of Pineal Research. 2004;36(4):224-231.

Lancioni GE, O'Reilly MF, Basili G. Review of strategies for treating sleep problems in persons with severe or profound mental retardation or multiple handicaps. American Journal of Mental Retardation. 1999;104(2):170-186.

Lechner O, Dietrich H, Oliveira dos Santos A, et al. Altered circadian rhythms of the stress hormone and melatonin response in lupus-prone MRL/MP-fas(Ipr) mice. Journal of Autoimmunity. 2000;14(4):325-333.

Lee CO. Complementary and alternative medicines patients are talking about: melatonin. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2006;10(1):105-107.

Leibenluft E, Feldman-Naim S, Turner EH, Wehr TA, Rosenthal NE. Effects of exogenous melatonin administration and withdrawal in five patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997;58(9):383-388.

Leon J, Acuna-Castroviejo D, Escames G, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Melatonin mitigates mitochondrial malfunction. Journal of Pineal Research. 2005;38(1):1-9.

Leone M, D'Amico D, Moschiano F, Fraschini F, Bussone G. Melatonin versus placebo in the prophylaxis of cluster headache: a double-blind pilot study with parallel groups. Cephalalgia. 1996;16(7):494-496.

Liang FQ, Green L, Wang C, Alssadi R, Godley BF. Melatonin protects human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells against oxidative stress. Experimental Eye Research. 2004;78(6):1069-1075.

Lissoni P, Barni S, Ardizzoia A, Tancini G, Conti A, Maestroni G. A randomized study with the pineal hormone melatonin versus supportive care alone in patients with brain metastases due to solid neoplasms. Cancer 1994;73(3):699-701.

Lissoni P, Barni S, Cattaneo G, et al. Clinical results with the pineal hormone melatonin in advanced cancer resistant to standard antitumor therapies. Oncology 1991;48(6):448-450.

Lissoni P, Barni S, Mandala M, Ardizzoia A, Paolorossi F, Vaghi M, et al. Decreased toxicity and increased efficacy of cancer chemotherapy using the pineal hormone melatonin in metastatic solid tumor patients with poor clinical status. European Journal of Cancer. 1999;35(12):1688-1692.

Lissoni P, Tancini G, Barni S, Paolorossi F, Ardizzoia A, Conti A, Maestroni G. Treatment of cancer chemotherapy-induced toxicity with the pineal hormone melatonin. Supportive Care in Cancer. 1997;5(2):126-129.

Liu JB, Tang TS, Yang HL, Xiao DS. Antioxidation of melatonin against spinal cord injury in rats. Chinese Medical Journal (England). 2004;117(4):571-575.

Luboshitzky R, Wagner O, Lavi S, Herer P, Lavie P. Abnormal melatonin secretion in hypogonadal men: the effect of testosterone treatment. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford). 1997;47(4):463-469.

Lusardi P, Piazza E, Fogari R. Cardiovascular effects of melatonin in hypertensive patients well controlled by nifedipine: a 24-hour study. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000;49(5):423-427.

Maestroni GJ. MLT and the immune-hematopoietic system. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1999;460:395-405.

Maestroni GJ, Sulli A, Pizzorni C, Villaggio B, Cutolo M. Melatonin in rheumatoid arthritis: synovial macrophages show melatonin receptors. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002;966:271-275.

Maestroni GJ. The immunotherapeutic potential of melatonin. Expert Opinion in Investigational Drugs. 2001;10(3):467-476.

Magri F, Sarra S, Cinchetti W, et al. Qualitative and quantitative changes of melatonin levels in physiological and pathological aging and in centenarians. Journal of Pineal Research. 2004;36(4):256-261.

Manda K, Bhatia AL. Prophylactic action of melatonin against cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress in mice. Cellular Biology and Toxicology. 2003;19(6):367-372.

McArthur AJ, Budden S. Sleep dysfunction in Rett syndrome: a trial of exogenous melatonin treatment. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1998;40(3):186-192.

Mero AA, Vahalummukka M, Hulmi JJ, Kallio P, von Wright A. Effects of resistance exercise session after oral ingestion of melatonin on physiological and performance responses of adult men. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2006;96(6):729-739.

Mohanan PV, Yamamoto HA. Preventive effect of melatonin against brain mitochondria DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and seizures induced by kainic acid. Toxicology Letter. 2002;129(1-2):99-105.

Nagtegaal JE, Laurant MW, Kerkhof GA, Smits MG, van der Meer YG, Coenen AM. Effects of melatonin on the quality of life in patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2000;48(1):45-50.

Naguib M, Samarkandi AH. The comparative dose-response effects of melatonin and midazolam for premedication of adult patients: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2000;91(2):473-479.

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, Online Edition. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter. Stockton CA: Therapeutic Research Facility, 2006. Available at: http://www.pharmacistsletter.com/(S(ulqz3s45omt3ag55um4kj345))/home.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=ND.

Nave R, Peled R, Lavie P. Melatonin improves evening napping. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1995;275(2):213-216.

Niederhofer H, Staffen W, Mair A, Pittschieler K. Brief report: melatonin facilitates sleep in individuals with mental retardation and insomnia. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2003;33(4):469-472.

Palm L, Blennow G, Wetterberg L. Long-term melatonin treatment in blind children and young adults with circadian sleep-wake disturbances. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1997;39(5):319-325.

Paul MA, Gray G, Kenny G, Pigeau RA. Impact of melatonin, zaleplon, zopiclone, and temazepam on psychomotor performance. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine. 2003;74(12):1263-1270.

Pandi-Perumal SR, Srinivasan V, Poeggeler B, Hardeland R, Cardinali DP. Drug Insight: the use of melatonergic agonists for the treatment of insomnia-focus on ramelteon. Nature Clinical Practice. Neurology. 2007;3(4):221-228.

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Peled N, Shorer Z, Peled E, Pillar G. Melatonin effect on seizures in children with severe neurologic deficit disorders. Epilepsia. 2001;42(9):1208-1210.

Pentney PT, Bubenik GA. Melatonin reduces the severity of dextran-induced colitis in mice. Journal of Pineal Research. 1995;19(1):31-39.

Pereira Rde S. Regression of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms using dietary supplementation with melatonin, vitamins and aminoacids: comparison with omeprazole. Journal of Pineal Research. 2006;41(3):195-200.

Perreau VM, Bondy SC, Cotman CW, Sharman KG, Sharman EH. Melatonin treatment in old mice enables a more youthful response to LPS in the brain. Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2007;182(1-2):22-31.

Persengiev S, Marinova C, Patchev V. Steroid hormone receptors in the thymus: a site of immunomodulatory action of melatonin. International Journal of Biochemistry. 1991;23(12):1483-1485.

Petrie K, Conaglen JV, Thompson L, Chamberlain K. Effect of melatonin on jet lag after long haul flights. British Medical Journal. 1989;298(6675):705-707.

Petrie K, Dawson AG, Thompson L, Brook R. A double-blind trial of melatonin as a treatment for jet lag in international cabin crew. Biology and Psychiatry. 1993;33(7):526-530.

Prototype monograph on melatonin. Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies. 2004. http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/19/562/Introduction%20and%20Melatonin%20Prototype%20Monograph.v2.pdf. Accessed: April 6, 2007.

Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Mayo JC, Sainz RM, Leon J, Bandyopadhyay D. Neurally-mediated and neurally-independent beneficial actions of melatonin in the gastrointestinal tract. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2003;54(Suppl 4):113-125.

Rezzani R, Buffoli B, Rodella L, Stacchiotti A, Bianchi R. Protective role of melatonin in cyclosporine A-induced oxidative stress in rat liver. International Immunopharmacology. 2005;5(9):1397-1405.

Rodriguez C, Mayo JC, Sainz RM, Antolin I, Herrera F, Martin V, Reiter RJ. Regulation of antioxidant enzymes: a significant role for melatonin. Journal of Pineal Research. 2004;36(1):1-9.

Rodriguez-Reynoso S, Leal C, Portilla-de Buen E, Castillo JC, Ramos-Solano F. Melatonin ameliorates renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Journal of Surgical Research. 2004;116(2):242-247.

Rohr UD, Herold J. Melatonin deficiencies in women. Maturitas. 2002;41(Suppl 1):S85-S104.

Rufo-Campos M. Melatonin and epilepsy. [Article in Spanish] Review of Neurology. 2002;35(Suppl 1):S51-S58.

Ruzsas C, Mess B. Melatonin and aging. A brief survey. Neuroendocrinology Letters. 2000; 21:17-23.

Sainz RM, Mayo JC, Reiter RJ, Antolin I, Esteban MM, Rodriguez C. Melatonin regulates glucocorticoid receptor: an answer to its antiapoptotic action in thymus. FASEB Journal. 1999;13(12):1547-1556.

Salti R, Galluzzi F, Bindi G, et al. Nocturnal melatonin patterns in children. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000;85(6):2137-2144.

Sanders DC, Chaturvedi AK, Hordinsky JR. Melatonin: aeromedical, toxicopharmacological, and analytical aspects. J0urnal of Analytical Toxicology. 1999;23(3):159-167.

Sasaki M, Jordan P, Joh T, et al. Melatonin reduces TNF-a induced expression of MAdCAM-1 via inhibition of NF-kappaB. BMC Gastroenterology. 2002;2:9.

Scheer FA, Van Montfrans GA, van Someren EJ, Mairuhu G, Buijs RM. Daily nighttime melatonin reduces blood pressure in male patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension. 2004;43(2):192-197.

Secreto G, Chiechi LM, Amadori A, et al. Soy isoflavones and melatonin for the relief of climacteric symptoms: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized study. Maturitas. 2004;47(1):11-20.

Sener G, Balkan J, Cevikbas U, Keyer-Uysal M, Uysal M. Melatonin reduces cholesterol accumulation and prooxidant state induced by high cholesterol diet in the plasma, the liver and probably in the aorta of C57BL/6J mice. Journal of Pineal Research. 2004;36(3):212-216.

Sener G, Jahovic N, Tosun O, Atasoy BM, Yegen BC. Melatonin ameliorates ionizing radiation-induced oxidative organ damage in rats. Life Sciences. 2003;74(5):563-572.

Sener G, Kapucu C, Paskaloglu K, et al. Melatonin reverses urinary system and aorta damage in the rat due to chronic nicotine administration. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2004;56(3):359-366.

Shamir E, Laudon M, Barak Y, et al. Melatonin improves sleep quality of patients with chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000;61(5):373-377.

Shilo L, Dagan Y, Smorjik Y, et al. Effect of melatonin on sleep quality of COPD intensive care patients: a pilot study. Chronobiology International. 2000;17(1):71-76.

Shilo L, Sabbah H, Hadari R, et al. The effects of coffee consumption on sleep and melatonin secretion. Sleep Medicine. 2002;3(3):271-273.

Singer C, Tractenberg RE, Kaye J, et al; for the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. A multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of melatonin for sleep disturbance in Alzheimer's disease. Sleep. 2003;26(7):893-901.

Smits MG, van Stel HF, van der Heijden K, Meijer AM, Coenen AM, Kerkhof GA. Melatonin improves health status and sleep in children with idiopathic chronic sleep-onset insomnia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003;42(11):1286-1293.

Spitzer RL, Terman M, Williams JBW, et al. Jet lag: clinical features, validation of a new syndrome-specific scale, lack of response to melatonin in a randomized, double-blind trial. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999;156(9):1392-1396.

Stewart LS. Endogenous melatonin and epileptogenesis: facts and hypothesis. International Journal of Neuroscience. 2001;107(1-2):77-85.

Stone BM, Turner C, Mills SL, Nicholson AN. Hypnotic activity of melatonin. Sleep. 2000;23(5):663-669.

Stoschitzky K, Sakotnik A, Lercher P, et al. Influence of beta-blockers on melatonin release. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999;55(2):111-115.

Suhner A, Schlagenhauf P, Johnson R, Tschopp A, Steffen R. Comparative study to determine the optimal melatonin dosage form for the alleviation of jet lag. Chronobiology International. 1998;15(6):655-666.

Sury MR, Fairweather K. The effect of melatonin on sedation of children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. British Journal of Anaesthesia [sic]. Epublished ahead of print June 17, 2006.

Travis RC, Allen DS, Fentiman IS, Key TJ. Melatonin and breast cancer: a prospective study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2004;96(6):475-482.

Turk J. Melatonin supplementation for severe and intractable sleep disturbance in young people with genetically determined developmental disabilities: short review and commentary. Journal of Medical Genetics. 2003;40(11):793-796.

Ursing C, Wikner J, Brismar K, Rojdmark S. Caffeine raises the serum melatonin level in healthy subjects: an indication of melatonin metabolism by cytochrome P450(CYP)1A2. Journal of Endocrinology Investigation. 2003;26(5):403-406.

Van der Heijden KB, Smits MG, Van Someren EJ, Ridderinkhof KR, Gunning WB. Effect of melatonin on sleep, behavior, and cognition in ADHD and chronic sleep-onset insomnia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2007;46(2):233-241.

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Last Revised May 16, 2007

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Note: The above information is not intended to replace the advice of your physician, pharmacist, or other healthcare professional. It is not meant to indicate that the use of the product is safe, appropriate, or effective for you.

In general, herbal products are not subject to review or approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They are not required to be standardized, meaning that the amounts of active ingredients or contaminants they contain may vary between brands or between different batches of the same brand. Not all of the risks, side effects, or interactions associated with the use of herbal products are known because few reliable studies of their use in humans have been done.

This information is provided for your education only. Please share this information with your healthcare provider and be sure that you talk to your doctor and pharmacist about all the prescription and non-prescription medicines you take before you begin to use any herbal product.

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